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Wednesday 4 November 2020

Python : #Circos using dash for data visualization

Circos is a circular visualization of data, and can be used to highlight relationships between objects in a dataset (e.g.,  #genes that are located on different #chromosomes in the genome of an organism.


View the app source code in Python.

import base64
import io
import json
import os

import pandas as pd
import dash_core_components as dcc
from dash.dependencies import Input, Output, State
import dash_html_components as html
import dash_table as dt

from dash_bio_utils import circos_parser as cp
import dash_bio

try:
    from layout_helper import run_standalone_app
except ModuleNotFoundError:
    from .layout_helper import run_standalone_app


DATAPATH = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'data')
# Main dataset used for all graphs
with open(os.path.join(DATAPATH, 'graph_data.json'), 'r') \
        as circos_graph_data:
    circos_graph_data = json.load(circos_graph_data)

# Parsed data using circosParser for parsed_dataset graph
parsed_layout = cp.txt_to_layout(
    file_one_name=os.path.join(DATAPATH, 'GRCh37.txt'),
    file_two_name=os.path.join(DATAPATH, 'GRCh38.txt'),
    append_one='-GRCh37',
    append_two='-GRCh38',
    rel_path=True,
    create_local=False,
)

parsed_track_one = cp.txt_to_track(
    file_name=os.path.join(DATAPATH, 'GRCh37.txt'),
    append_block_id='-GRCh37',
    rel_path=True,
    create_local=False,
)

parsed_track_two = cp.txt_to_track(
    file_name=os.path.join(DATAPATH, 'GRCh38.txt'),
    append_block_id='-GRCh38',
    rel_path=True,
    create_local=False,
)


def get_circos_graph(
        key,
        size,
        data=None
):
    if data is None:
        data = [None, None, None]

    circos_graphs = {
        'upload-custom-dataset': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={'0': 'both', '1': 'both'},
            layout=data[0],
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                'ticks': {'display': False, 'labelDenominator': 1000000},
                'labels': {
                    'position': 'center',
                    'display': False,
                    'size': 12,
                    'color': '#fff',
                    'radialOffset': 70,
                },
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': data[1],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                        'opacity': 0.3,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'all'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': data[2],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                        'opacity': 0.3,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'all'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-parser': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={'0': 'hover', '1': 'click'},
            layout=parsed_layout,
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                'ticks': {'display': False, 'labelDenominator': 1000000},
                'labels': {
                    'position': 'center',
                    'display': False,
                    'size': 8,
                    'color': '#fff',
                    'radialOffset': 90,
                },
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': parsed_track_one,
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                        'opacity': 0.3,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'block_id'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': parsed_track_two,
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                        'opacity': 0.3,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'block_id'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-heatmap': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={'0': 'hover', '1': 'hover'},
            layout=circos_graph_data['month_layout'],
            config={
                'innerRadius': (size / 2 - 80),
                'outerRadius': (size / 2 - 30),
                'ticks': {'display': False},
                'labels': {
                    'position': 'center',
                    'display': True,
                    'size': 14,
                    'color': '#fff',
                    'radialOffset': 15,
                },
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HEATMAP',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['heatmap'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.8,
                        'outerRadius': 0.98,
                        'logScale': False,
                        'color': 'YlOrRd',
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'value'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'HEATMAP',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['heatmap'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.7,
                        'outerRadius': 0.79,
                        'logScale': False,
                        'color': 'Blues',
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'value'},
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700
        ),

        'select-dataset-chords': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={'0': 'both', '1': 'both'},
            layout=circos_graph_data['GRCh37'],
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                'ticks': {'display': False, 'labelDenominator': 1000000},
                'labels': {
                    'position': 'center',
                    'display': True,
                    'size': 11,
                    'color': '#fff',
                    'radialOffset': 75,
                },
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['cytobands'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 40,
                        'opacity': 0.3,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'all'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'CHORDS',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['chords'],
                    'config': {
                        'logScale': False,
                        'opacity': 0.7,
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                        'tooltipContent': {
                            'source': 'source',
                            'sourceID': 'id',
                            'target': 'target',
                            'targetID': 'id',
                            'targetEnd': 'end',
                        },
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-highlight': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={'0': 'hover'},
            layout=circos_graph_data['GRCh37'],
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 100,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 50,
                'ticks': {'display': False},
                'labels': {'display': False},
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['cytobands'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 100,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 50,
                        'opacity': 0.5,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'name'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                }
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-histogram': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            layout=circos_graph_data['GRCh37'],
            selectEvent={'0': 'hover', '1': 'hover'},
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 150,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 120,
                'ticks': {'display': False, 'labelDenominator': 1000000},
                'labels': {'display': False},
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['cytobands'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 150,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 120,
                        'opacity': 0.6,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'name'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'HISTOGRAM',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['histogram'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 1.01,
                        'outerRadius': 1.4,
                        'color': 'OrRd',
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'value'},
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-line': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={
                '0': 'both',
                '1': 'both',
                '2': 'both',
                '3': 'both',
                '4': 'both',
                '5': 'both',
                '6': 'both',
                '7': 'both',
            },
            layout=list(
                filter(
                    lambda d: d['id'] in ['chr1', 'chr2', 'chr3'],
                    circos_graph_data['GRCh37'],
                )
            ),
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 150,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 130,
                'ticks': {'display': False, 'spacing': 1000000, 'labelSuffix': ''},
                'labels': {
                    'position': 'center',
                    'display': False,
                    'size': 14,
                    'color': '#fff',
                    'radialOffset': 30,
                },
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': list(
                        filter(
                            lambda d: d['block_id'] in [
                                'chr1', 'chr2', 'chr3'],
                            circos_graph_data['cytobands'],
                        )
                    ),
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 150,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 130,
                        'opacity': 0.3,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'name'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'LINE',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp250'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.5,
                        'outerRadius': 0.8,
                        'color': '#222222',
                        'tooltipContent': {
                            'source': 'block_id',
                            'target': 'position',
                            'targetEnd': 'value',
                        },
                        'axes': [
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.001,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#666666'
                            }
                        ],
                        'backgrounds': [
                            {
                                'start': 0,
                                'end': 0.002,
                                'color': '#f44336',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                            {
                                'start': 0.006,
                                'end': 0.015,
                                'color': '#4caf50',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                        ],
                        'maxGap': 1000000,
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.015,
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'SCATTER',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp250'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.5,
                        'outerRadius': 0.8,
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.015,
                        'fill': False,
                        'strokeWidth': 0,
                        'tooltipContent': {
                            'source': 'block_id',
                            'target': 'position',
                            'targetEnd': 'value',
                        },
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'LINE',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 1.01,
                        'outerRadius': 1.15,
                        'maxGap': 1000000,
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.015,
                        'color': '#222222',
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'value'},
                        'axes': [
                            {'position': 0.002, 'color': '#f44336'},
                            {'position': 0.006, 'color': '#4caf50'},
                        ],
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'LINE',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp1m'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 1.01,
                        'outerRadius': 1.15,
                        'maxGap': 1000000,
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.015,
                        'color': '#f44336',
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'value'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'LINE',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.85,
                        'outerRadius': 0.95,
                        'maxGap': 1000000,
                        'direction': 'in',
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.015,
                        'color': '#222222',
                        'axes': [
                            {'position': 0.01, 'color': '#4caf50'},
                            {'position': 0.008, 'color': '#4caf50'},
                            {'position': 0.006, 'color': '#4caf50'},
                            {'position': 0.002, 'color': '#f44336'},
                        ],
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'LINE',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp1m'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.85,
                        'outerRadius': 0.95,
                        'maxGap': 1000000,
                        'direction': 'in',
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.015,
                        'color': '#f44336',
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'value'},
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-scatter': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={
                '0': 'hover',
                '1': 'both',
                '3': 'both',
                '4': 'both',
                '5': 'both',
            },
            layout=list(
                filter(
                    lambda d: d['id'] in ['chr1', 'chr2', 'chr3'],
                    circos_graph_data['GRCh37'],
                )
            ),
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 150,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 130,
                'ticks': {'display': False, 'spacing': 1000000, 'labelSuffix': ''},
                'labels': {'display': False},
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': list(
                        filter(
                            lambda d: d['block_id'] in [
                                'chr1', 'chr2', 'chr3'],
                            circos_graph_data['cytobands'],
                        )
                    ),
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 150,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 130,
                        'opacity': 0.8,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'name'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'SCATTER',
                    'data': list(
                        filter(
                            lambda d: float(d['value']) > 0.007,
                            circos_graph_data['snp250'],
                        )
                    ),
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.65,
                        'outerRadius': 0.95,
                        'color': {'colorData': 'name'},
                        'tooltipContent': {
                            'source': 'block_id',
                            'target': 'position',
                            'targetEnd': 'value',
                        },
                        'strokeColor': 'grey',
                        'strokeWidth': 1,
                        'shape': 'circle',
                        'size': 14,
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.013,
                        'axes': [
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.001,
                                'start': 0.006,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#4caf50',
                                'opacity': 0.3,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.002,
                                'start': 0.006,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#4caf50',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.002,
                                'start': 0.002,
                                'end': 0.006,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#666',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.001,
                                'end': 0.002,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#f44336',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                        ],
                        'backgrounds': [
                            {'start': 0.006, 'color': '#4caf50', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {
                                'start': 0.002,
                                'end': 0.006,
                                'color': '#d3d3d3',
                                'opacity': 0.1,
                            },
                            {'end': 0.002, 'color': '#f44336', 'opacity': 0.1},
                        ],
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'SCATTER',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp250'],
                    'config': {
                        'tooltipContent': {
                            'source': 'block_id',
                            'target': 'position',
                            'targetEnd': 'value',
                        },
                        'color': '#4caf50',
                        'strokeColor': 'green',
                        'strokeWidth': 1,
                        'shape': 'rectangle',
                        'size': 10,
                        'min': 0.007,
                        'max': 0.013,
                        'innerRadius': 1.075,
                        'outerRadius': 1.175,
                        'axes': [
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.001,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#4caf50',
                                'opacity': 0.3,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.002,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#4caf50',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                        ],
                        'backgrounds': [
                            {'start': 0.007, 'color': '#4caf50', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {'start': 0.009, 'color': '#4caf50', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {'start': 0.011, 'color': '#4caf50', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {'start': 0.013, 'color': '#4caf50', 'opacity': 0.1},
                        ],
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'SCATTER',
                    'data': list(
                        filter(
                            lambda d: float(d['value']) < 0.002,
                            circos_graph_data['snp250'],
                        )
                    ),
                    'config': {
                        'tooltipContent': {
                            'source': 'block_id',
                            'target': 'position',
                            'targetEnd': 'value',
                        },
                        'color': '#f44336',
                        'strokeColor': 'red',
                        'strokeWidth': 1,
                        'shape': 'triangle',
                        'size': 10,
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.002,
                        'innerRadius': 0.35,
                        'outerRadius': 0.60,
                        'axes': [
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.0001,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#f44336',
                                'opacity': 0.3,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.0005,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#f44336',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                        ],
                        'backgrounds': [
                            {'end': 0.0004, 'color': '#f44336', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {'end': 0.0008, 'color': '#f44336', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {'end': 0.0012, 'color': '#f44336', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {'end': 0.0016, 'color': '#f44336', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {'end': 0.002, 'color': '#f44336', 'opacity': 0.1},
                        ],
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'SCATTER',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['snp250'],
                    'config': {
                        'tooltipContent': {
                            'source': 'block_id',
                            'target': 'position',
                            'targetEnd': 'value',
                        },
                        'innerRadius': 0.65,
                        'outerRadius': 0.95,
                        'strokeColor': 'grey',
                        'strokeWidth': 1,
                        'shape': 'circle',
                        'size': 14,
                        'min': 0,
                        'max': 0.013,
                        'axes': [
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.001,
                                'start': 0.006,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#4caf50',
                                'opacity': 0.3,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.002,
                                'start': 0.006,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#4caf50',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.002,
                                'start': 0.002,
                                'end': 0.006,
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#666',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                            {
                                'spacing': 0.001,
                                'end': '0.002',
                                'thickness': 1,
                                'color': '#f44336',
                                'opacity': 0.5,
                            },
                        ],
                        'backgrounds': [
                            {'start': 0.006, 'color': '#4caf50', 'opacity': 0.1},
                            {
                                'start': 0.002,
                                'end': 0.006,
                                'color': '#d3d3d3',
                                'opacity': 0.1,
                            },
                            {'end': 0.002, 'color': '#f44336', 'opacity': 0.1},
                        ],
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-stack': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={'0': 'hover'},
            layout=[
                {
                    'id': 'chr9',
                    'len': 8000000,
                    'label': 'chr9',
                    'color': '#FFCC00'
                }
            ],
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 50,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 30,
                'ticks': {'display': False, 'labels': False, 'spacing': 10000},
                'labels': {'display': False, 'labels': False, 'spacing': 10000},
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'STACK',
                    'data': circos_graph_data['stack'],
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 0.7,
                        'outerRadius': 1,
                        'thickness': 4,
                        'margin': 0.01 * 8000000,
                        'direction': 'out',
                        'strokeWidth': 0,
                        'opacity': 0.5,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'chr'},
                        'color': {
                            'conditional': {
                                'end': 'end',
                                'start': 'start',
                                'value': [150000, 120000, 90000, 60000, 30000],
                                'color': [
                                    'red',
                                    'black',
                                    '#fff',
                                    '#999',
                                    '#BBB',
                                ],
                            }
                        },
                    },
                }
            ],
            size=700,
        ),

        'select-dataset-text': dash_bio.Circos(
            id='main-circos',
            selectEvent={'0': 'hover', '1': 'both'},
            layout=[circos_graph_data['GRCh37'][0]],
            config={
                'innerRadius': size / 2 - 100,
                'outerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                'labels': {'display': False},
                'ticks': {'display': False},
            },
            tracks=[
                {
                    'type': 'HIGHLIGHT',
                    'data': list(
                        filter(
                            lambda d: d['block_id'] == circos_graph_data['GRCh37'][0]['id'],
                            circos_graph_data['cytobands'],
                        )
                    ),
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': size / 2 - 100,
                        'outerRadius': size / 2 - 80,
                        'opacity': 0.7,
                        'tooltipContent': {'name': 'name'},
                        'color': {'name': 'color'},
                    },
                },
                {
                    'type': 'TEXT',
                    'data': list(
                        map(
                            lambda d: {
                                'position': (d['start'] + d['end']) / 2,
                                'value': d['name'],
                                'block_id': d['block_id'],
                            },
                            filter(
                                lambda d: d['block_id'] ==
                                circos_graph_data['GRCh37'][0]['id'],
                                circos_graph_data['cytobands'],
                            ),
                        )
                    ),
                    'config': {
                        'innerRadius': 1.02,
                        'outerRadius': 1.3,
                        'style': {'font-size': 12},
                    },
                },
            ],
            size=700,
        )
    }

    return circos_graphs[key]


# Description for gallery
def description():
    return 'Vizualize and analyze similarities and differences between ' \
           'genes in a single plot, using the powerful Circos graph.'


# Dash table call back dat
def update_dash_table(data_selector, a_layout, tracks, orientation):
    answer = None
    try:
        if data_selector == 'layout':
            df = pd.DataFrame(a_layout)
        elif tracks[data_selector]['type'] == 'CHORDS':
            new_chords = [
                {
                    '{}_{}'.format(k, a): b
                    for k, v in d.items()
                    for a, b in v.items()
                }
                for d in tracks[data_selector]['data']
            ]
            df = pd.DataFrame(new_chords)
        else:
            df = pd.DataFrame(tracks[data_selector]['data'])
        if orientation == 'column':
            answer = [{'id': i, 'name': i} for i in df.columns]
        elif orientation == 'row':
            answer = df.to_dict('records')
    except Exception:
        answer = pd.DataFrame()
    return answer


# Content parser used for dcc.Upload
def parse_contents(contents, filename, _):
    _, content_string = contents.split(',')

    decoded = base64.b64decode(content_string).decode('UTF-8')
    answer = None
    try:
        if filename.endswith('.csv'):
            # Assume that the user uploaded a CSV file
            df = pd.read_csv(io.StringIO(decoded))
            df = df.to_dict(orient='records')
            answer = df
    except Exception as e:
        answer = html.Div(['There was an error processing this file.'])
        print(e)
    return answer


# Header colors
def header_colors():
    return {'bg_color': '#262B3D', 'font_color': '#FFF', 'light_logo': True}


# Empty Circos needed for circos graph callback
empty = dash_bio.Circos(
    id='main-circos',
    selectEvent={},
    layout=[],
    size=700,
    config={},
    tracks=[],
    enableZoomPan=True,
    enableDownloadSVG=True
)

# Upload text blurb
upload_instructions = (
    '1. Select your dataset (or press download for sample data). \n'
    + '2. Drag and drop .csv for each dataset dropdown (layout -> layout.csv, etc) \n'
    + '3. Press Render! \n'
    + '4. Go to "View Dataset" tab to view data in table.'
)


def layout():
    return html.Div(id='circos-body', className='app-body', children=[
        dcc.Loading(className='dashbio-loading', children=html.Div(
            id="circos-hold",
            children=[empty]
        )),

        html.Div(id='circos-control-tabs', className='control-tabs', children=[
            dt.DataTable(),
            dcc.Tabs(id='circos-tabs', value='what-is', children=[
                dcc.Tab(
                    label='About',
                    value='what-is',
                    children=html.Div(className='control-tab', children=[
                        html.H4(className='what-is', children="What is Circos?"),

                        html.P('Circos is a circular visualization of data, and can be used '
                               'to highlight relationships between objects in a dataset '
                               '(e.g., genes that are located on different chromosomes '
                               'in the genome of an organism).'),
                        html.P('A Dash Circos graph consists of two main parts: the layout '
                               'and the tracks. '
                               'The layout sets the basic parameters of the graph, such as '
                               'radius, ticks, labels, etc; the tracks are graph layouts '
                               'that take in a series of data points to display.'),
                        html.P('The visualizations supported by Dash Circos are: heatmaps, '
                               'chords, highlights, histograms, line, scatter, stack, '
                               'and text graphs.'),
                        html.P('In the "Data" tab, you can opt to use preloaded datasets; '
                               'additionally, you can download sample data that you would '
                               'use with a Dash Circos component, upload that sample data, '
                               'and render it with the "Render" button.'),
                        html.P('In the "Graph" tab, you can choose the type of Circos graph '
                               'to display, control the size of the graph, and access data '
                               'that are generated upon hovering over parts of the graph. '),
                        html.P('In the "Table" tab, you can view the datasets that define '
                               'the parameters of the graph, such as the layout, the '
                               'highlights, and the chords. You can interact with Circos '
                               'through this table by selecting the "Chords" graph in the '
                               '"Graph" tab, then viewing the "Chords" dataset in the '
                               '"Table" tab.'),

                        html.Div([
                            'Reference: ',
                            html.A('Seminal paper',
                                   href='http://www.doi.org/10.1101/gr.092759.109)')
                        ]),
                        html.Div([
                            'For a look into Circos and the Circos API, please visit the '
                            'original repository ',
                            html.A('here', href='https://github.com/nicgirault/circosJS)'),
                            '.'
                        ]),

                        html.Br()
                    ])
                ),

                dcc.Tab(
                    label='Data',
                    value='data',
                    children=html.Div(className='control-tab', children=[
                        html.Div(className='app-controls-block', children=[
                            html.Div(className='app-controls-name', children='Data source'),
                            dcc.Dropdown(
                                id='circos-preloaded-uploaded',
                                options=[
                                    {'label': 'Preloaded', 'value': 'preloaded'},
                                    {'label': 'Upload', 'value': 'upload'}
                                ],
                                value='preloaded'
                            )
                        ]),
                        html.Hr(),
                        html.A(
                            html.Button(
                                id='circos-download-button',
                                className='control-download',
                                children="Download sample data"
                            ),
                            href=os.path.join('assets', 'sample_data', 'sample_data.rar'),
                            download="circos_sample_data.rar",
                        ),

                        html.Div(id='circos-uploaded-data', children=[
                            dcc.Upload(
                                id="upload-data",
                                className='control-upload',
                                children=html.Div(
                                    [
                                        "Drag and Drop or "
                                        "click to import "
                                        ".CSV file here!"
                                    ]
                                ),
                                multiple=True,
                            ),
                            html.Div(className='app-controls-block', children=[
                                html.Div(className='app-controls-name',
                                         children='Select upload data'),
                                dcc.Dropdown(
                                    id="circos-view-dataset-custom",
                                    options=[
                                        {
                                            "label": "Layout",
                                            "value": 0,
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "label": "Track 1",
                                            "value": 1,
                                        },
                                        {
                                            "label": "Track 2",
                                            "value": 2,
                                        },
                                    ],
                                    value=0,
                                ),
                            ]),
                            html.Button(
                                "Render uploaded dataset",
                                id="render-button",
                                className='control-download',
                            )

                        ]),
                    ])
                ),

                dcc.Tab(
                    label='Graph',
                    value='graph',
                    children=html.Div(className='control-tab', children=[
                        html.Div(className='app-controls-block', children=[
                            html.Div(className='app-controls-name', children='Graph type'),
                            dcc.Dropdown(
                                id='circos-graph-type',
                                options=[
                                    {'label': graph_type.title(),
                                     'value': graph_type} for graph_type in [
                                         'heatmap',
                                         'chords',
                                         'highlight',
                                         'histogram',
                                         'line',
                                         'scatter',
                                         'stack',
                                         'text',
                                         'parser_data'
                                     ]
                                ],
                                value='chords'
                            ),
                            html.Div(className='app-controls-desc', id='chords-text'),
                        ]),
                        html.Div(className='app-controls-block', children=[
                            html.Div(className='app-controls-name', children='Graph size'),
                            dcc.Slider(
                                id='circos-size',
                                min=500,
                                max=800,
                                step=10,
                                value=650
                            ),
                        ]),
                        html.Hr(),
                        html.H5('Hover data'),
                        html.Div(
                            id='event-data-select'
                        ),


                    ]),
                ),

                dcc.Tab(
                    label='Table',
                    value='table',
                    children=html.Div(className='control-tab', children=[
                        html.Div(className='app-controls-block', children=[
                            html.Div(className='app-controls-name', children='View dataset'),
                            dcc.Dropdown(
                                id='circos-view-dataset',
                                options=[
                                    {'label': 'Layout',
                                     'value': 'layout'}
                                ],
                                value='layout'
                            )
                        ]),
                        html.Div(id='circos-table-container', children=[dt.DataTable(
                            id="data-table",
                            row_selectable='multi',
                            css=[{
                                "selector":  ".dash-cell div.dash-cell-value",
                                "rule":  "display: inline; "
                                         "white-space: inherit; "
                                         "overflow: auto; "
                                         "text-overflow: inherit;"
                            }],
                            style_cell={
                                "whiteSpace": "no-wrap",
                                "overflow": "hidden",
                                "textOverflow": "ellipsis",
                                "maxWidth": 100,
                                'fontWeight': 100,
                                'fontSize': '11pt',
                                'fontFamily': 'Courier New',
                                'backgroundColor': '#1F2132'
                            },
                            style_header={
                                'backgroundColor': '#1F2132',
                                'textAlign': 'center'
                            },
                            style_table={
                                "maxHeight": "310px",
                                'width': '320px',
                                'marginTop': '5px',
                                'marginBottom': '10px',
                            },
                            fixed_rows={'headers': True},
                            fixed_columns={'headers': True}
                        )]),
                        html.Div(
                            id="expected-index"),
                    ])
                ),


            ])
        ]),

        html.Div(
            [
                html.Div(id="output-data-upload"),
                html.Div(id="event-data-store"),
            ],
            className="circos-display-none",
        ),
    ])


def callbacks(_app):

    @_app.callback(
        Output('circos-uploaded-data', 'style'),
        [Input('circos-preloaded-uploaded', 'value')]
    )
    def show_hide_uploaded(pre_up):
        return {'display': 'none' if pre_up == 'preloaded' else 'inline-block'}

    # Dynamically update circos-view-dataset drop down on graph change
    @_app.callback(
        Output("circos-view-dataset", "options"),
        [Input("circos-hold", "children"),
         Input("circos-graph-type", "value"),
         Input('circos-preloaded-uploaded', 'value')],
        [State("main-circos", "tracks")]
    )
    def event_dropdown(dropdown, circos_select, pre_up, tracks):

        answer = ["blank"]

        if tracks is not None and pre_up == 'preloaded':
            array = []
            dropdown = []

            array = [t['type'] for t in tracks if 'type' in t.keys()]

            for i in range(len(array)):
                dropdown.append(
                    {'label': '{}'.format(array[i].lower().title()),
                     'value': i}
                )

            dropdown.append({"label": "Layout", "value": "layout"}.copy())
            answer = dropdown

        elif pre_up == 'upload':
            dropdown = [
                {"label": "Layout", "value": "layout"},
                {"label": "Highlight (1)", "value": 0},
                {"label": "Highlight (2)", "value": 1},
            ]
            answer = dropdown

        return answer

    # Take in and return uploaded .CSV data
    @_app.callback(
        Output("output-data-upload", "children"),
        [Input("upload-data", "contents")],
        [
            State("upload-data", "filename"),
            State("upload-data", "last_modified"),
            State("output-data-upload", "children"),
            State("circos-view-dataset-custom", "value"),
        ],
    )
    def update_output(
            list_of_contents,
            list_of_names,
            list_of_dates,
            data,
            upload_select
    ):

        answer = None

        if data is None:
            array = [None, None, None]
        else:
            array = json.loads(data)

        if list_of_contents is not None:
            children = list(
                (
                    parse_contents(c, n, d)
                    for c, n, d in zip(list_of_contents, list_of_names, list_of_dates)
                )
            )
            children = children[0]
            array[upload_select] = children
            answer = json.dumps(array)
        return answer

    # Return Circos Graph with specified layout & dataset
    @_app.callback(
        Output("circos-hold", "children"),
        [Input('circos-preloaded-uploaded', 'value'),
         Input('circos-graph-type', 'value'),
         Input("circos-size", "value"),
         Input("render-button", "n_clicks"),
         Input("data-table", "selected_rows"),
         Input('circos-tabs', 'value')],
        [
            State("output-data-upload", "children"),
            State("data-table", "data"),
            State("circos-view-dataset", "value"),
        ],
    )
    def show_circos_graph(
            pre_up,
            circos_select,
            size,
            render_button,
            selected_row,
            _,
            upload_data,
            table_data,
            data_selector,
    ):
        if pre_up == 'upload' and upload_data is not None:
            array = json.loads(upload_data)
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'upload-custom-dataset',
                size,
                array
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'parser_data':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-parser',
                size
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'heatmap':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-heatmap',
                size
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'chords':
            if selected_row is not None and data_selector == 1:
                for i in list(range(len(circos_graph_data["chords"]))):
                    circos_graph_data["chords"][i]["color"] = "#ff5722"
                for i in selected_row:
                    circos_graph_data["chords"][i]["color"] = "#00cc96"

            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-chords',
                size
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'highlight':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-highlight',
                size
            )

        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'histogram':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-histogram',
                size
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'line':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-line',
                size
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'scatter':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-scatter',
                size
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'stack':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-stack',
                size
            )
        elif pre_up == 'preloaded' and circos_select == 'text':
            answer = get_circos_graph(
                'select-dataset-text',
                size
            )
        else:
            answer = empty

        return answer

    # If chords graph selected, output text blurb to let user know of highlight feature
    @_app.callback(
        Output("chords-text", "children"),
        [Input("circos-graph-type", "value")]
    )
    def update_chords_text(circos_select):
        if circos_select == "chords":
            return 'Highlight chords in the "Table" tab by selecting rows in the "Chords" dataset.'
        return ''

    # Return dataset to data table
    @_app.callback(
        Output('data-table', 'data'),
        [
            Input('circos-view-dataset', 'value'),
            Input('render-button', 'n_clicks'),
            Input('circos-view-dataset', 'options'),
            Input('data-table', 'selected_cells'),
        ],
        [
            State('main-circos', 'layout'),
            State('main-circos', 'tracks')
        ],
    )
    def update_table_rows(
            data_selector,
            render_button,
            circos_trigger,
            selected,
            a_layout,
            tracks
    ):
        return update_dash_table(data_selector, a_layout, tracks, 'row')

    # Return dataset to columns of data table
    @_app.callback(
        Output('data-table', 'columns'),
        [
            Input('circos-view-dataset', 'value'),
            Input('render-button', 'n_clicks'),
            Input('circos-view-dataset', 'options'),
            Input('data-table', 'selected_cells'),
        ],
        [
            State('main-circos', 'layout'),
            State('main-circos', 'tracks')
        ],
    )
    def update_table_columns(
            data_selector,
            render_button,
            circos_trigger,
            selected,
            a_layout,
            tracks
    ):
        return update_dash_table(data_selector, a_layout, tracks, 'column')

    # Hover/click event handler data for preset graph
    @_app.callback(
        Output('event-data-select', 'children'),
        [Input('main-circos', 'eventDatum'),
         Input('render-button', 'n_clicks')]
    )
    def event_data_select(event_datum, _):
        contents = ['There are no event data. Hover over the circos graph to access event data.']
        if event_datum is not None:
            contents.pop()
            for key in event_datum.keys():
                contents.append(html.Span(key.title(), style={'font-weight': 'bold'}))
                contents.append(' - {}'.format(event_datum[key]))
                contents.append(html.Br())
        return contents


# only declare app/server if the file is being run directly
if 'DEMO_STANDALONE' not in os.environ:
    app = run_standalone_app(layout, callbacks, header_colors, __file__)
    server = app.server

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run_server(debug=True, port=8050)

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